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Important Rules on Preposition and their Usage for SSC Exam

Dear Readers, under Reader’s Choice category, we will be providing all the study material which would be requested to us by our readers. Today, we are providing you all with "Important Rules on Preposition and their Usage" on special request made to us by Grade Up app reader. We hope that you all will like our initiative.

It is very important to have an understanding of the "Usage of Prepositions" in English Grammar. So, we hope that you will like our post. The notes are helpful for all the upcoming SSC Exams viz. SSC Exams & other competitive Exams.

Preposition & their Usage

• It is strictly between you & me.
• He is going to college now.

A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence and is usually followed by a determiner and/or an adjective, followed by a pronoun or noun. They tell us about the event, taking place in time and place, or tell us when or where or under what circumstances something has happened.

Like in the first sentence “between” is a preposition telling us the relationship of “you” & “me”. While in the second sentence it is “to” telling us the place of the event.

Note: we use preposition at the end of the sentence.

For Example:

With whom are you living?          (Put with after living)

About what are you talking?       (Put about after talking)

But in this also there are some exceptions like in passive voice we say “By whom was it done?”

Some Confusing Prepositions

• AT, ON & IN (When they are referring to a place)

At is used, when we see something as a point in space.

For Example:

• The car was waiting at the lights.
• There's someone at the door.

On is used to refer to a surface.

For Example:

• The book is kept on the table.
• There were lots of pictures on the walls.

In is used, when we see something as all around.

For Example:

• It was cold in the room.
• I’ve a 10 rupees note in my pocket. 

In general we use in for a bigger place like country or town and at for a smaller place.

For Example:

• I arrived at London in England
• I live at Madhusala in Patna.

AT, ON & IN (When they are referring to time)

1. We use at with a particular time such as a clock time or meal time.

For Example:

• at half past five,              
• at breakfast (time),      
• at that time,     
• at the moment

We also use at with periods of two or three days.

For Example:

• at Christmas,   
• at Holi,               
• at the weekend

2. We use on with a single day.

For Example:

• on Tuesday,      
• on 7th August,                
• on that day,      
• on Easter Sunday

3. We use in with longer periods.

For Example:

• in the next few days      
• in the summer holidays                               
• in spring            
• in July                  
• in 1992
• in the 19th century

 We also use in with a part of the day.

For Example:

• in the afternoon,            
• in the morning 

Some very Important Points to remember:

• There is some variation like, On Friday Evening, On Tuesday night.
• There is one exception that is we use at before night like “I will meet you at night.”
• We do not normally use at, on or in phrases of time with last, this, next, every, later, yesterday and tomorrow. Like it is wrong to say “I received your letter on last Friday”. (Remove on)

BETWEEN & AMONG

 Between is used to refer to a small number of items which are separate from each other.

For Example:

• This match is between him and me.
• This triseries is between India, Australia & South Africa.

Among refers to a larger group.

For Example:

• I saw him among the crowd.
• Toffees were distributed among the students.  

Note: 1. Between is followed by objective case of pronoun.

For Example: This match is between him and me.

2. Each/Every cannot be used after between.

For Example: Between Each Boy (It is wrong)

There are 10 millimeters between each centimeters. (Remove Each)

TO & TOWARDS

We use to for a destination and towards for a direction.

For Example:

We're going to Delhi. My grandpa lives there.

We're going towards Delhi now.

DURING & OVER

 We use during with an event (e.g. the festival) or a period which is a definite time (e.g. that week). It means the whole period.

For Example:

• Nobody was working during the festival.
• The letter arrived during the festival.

But we cannot use during + length of time.

For Example: The festival went on during a week. (Replace during with for)

We can also use over for a whole period of time.

For Example:

Over a period of two months there were sudden rise in theft in this area.

FOR & SINCE

We use for + length of time and since + time.

For Example:

• for two years    
• for a week          
• for two days     
• for a few minutes
• since 1990          
• since last week                
• since Monday  
• since half past two

For Example:

• I just want to sit down for five minutes.
• I will stay at your place for a week.
• It has been raining since last Monday.
• I haven't seen you since September.

We do not normally use "for" before a phrase with all or whole.

It rained for the whole day. (Remove For)

 Till/until

We use till/until to say when something finishes. Till is not the contracted form of until. They are usually interchangeable.

For Example:

The government will not pass any bill till/until next session.

I will be working in Germany till/until next April.

We hope the post has cleared all your doubts regarding the topic.

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Important Events of Indian Freedom Movement

Dear Readers, in continuation to the GK notes we have provided earlier, today we are providing you all some Important Events of Indian Freedom Movement which is an important topic to cover for SSC Exams. This post will be useful for the upcoming SSC CGL Exam also.

Important Events of Indian Freedom Movement

The important movements of the Gandhian phase:- 

Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat movement was launched as the communal movement in defense of the Turkish Khalifa and save his Empire from dismemberment by Britain and other European powers. The chief cause of the Khilafat Movement was the defeat of Turkey in the First World War. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Sevres (1920) was felt by the Muslims as a great insult to them. The Muslims in India were upset over the British attitude against Turkey and launched the Khilafat Movement. Ali brothers, Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Dr. M. Ansari, among others, started the movement. October 17, 1919 was known as Khilafat Day when the Hindu united with Muslims in fasting and observed a hartal on that day. The Khilafat Movement merged with the Non-cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.

Non-cooperation Movement: The Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Gandhi, launched his first innovative protest, the Non-cooperation Movement on 1 August, 1920. It involved surrender of all titles, honorary offices and nominated posts in local bodies. British courts, offices and all kinds of government-run educational institutions were boycotted.

Chauri-Chaura Incident (1922): During the Non-cooperation Movement, being provoked by some policemen, a section of the crowd attacked them. The police opened fire. In retaliation, the entire procession killed 22 policemen and set the police station on fire. A stunned Gandhi decided to withdraw the movement.

Civil Disobedience Movement: Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930 under Gandhi's leadership with the violation of the Salt Law after Dandi Salt March.

The Dandi march (Salt Satyagraha) started from Sabarmati Ashram and ended at Dandi (a place in Gujrat). This was followed by a lot of agitation all over the country. This angered the British government which resulted in the imprisonment of Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi. On March 1930, Gandhi signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact with the Viceroy Lord Irwin to call off the Movement but it finally came to an end on 7th April 1934.

The Individual Satyagraha (August 1940): Mahatma Gandhi launched in Individual Satyagraha. It was limited, symbolic and non-violent in nature. Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first Satyagrahi and he was sentenced to three months imprisonment. Jawaharlal Nehru was the second Satyagrahi and imprisoned for four months. The individual Satyagraha continued for nearly 15 months.

Quit India Movement: The Quit India Movement, also called the August Movement, launched on 8th August, 1942. It was a result of Gandhi's protest against the return of Sir Stafford Cripps. He wanted to negotiate with the British government for the independence of India through this movement. He gave slogan - 'Do or Die. On 9th August leaders of the Congress like Abul Kalam Azad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were arrested. The movement can be divided into four phases :

• In the first phase of the Quit India Movement, there were processions, strikes and demonstrations
• The second phase of the movement saw raids on the government buildings and municipal houses. Along with this, post offices, railway stations and police stations were set on fire.
• The third phase of Quit India movement began in September 1942. Mobs bombed police in places like Bombay, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
• Gradually, the movement gained back its peaceful form and continued till Mahatma Gandhi was released on May, 1944. This was the fourth phase of the movement.

Some other Important Events of Indian Freedom Struggle:-

The Home Rule Movement (1916): The release of Tilak after 6 years of jail is Mandalay (Burma) moderated the launching of Home Rule Movement by Tilak and Mrs. Annie Besnat, both of whom decided to work in close co-operation to launch the movement to attain concessions, disillusionment with Morley - Minto Reforms and Wartime miseries.

Rowlatt Act (March 1919): As per this Act, any person could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. No appeal or petition could be filed against such arrests. This Act as called the Black Act and it was widely opposed.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April, 1919): On the Baisakhi day (harvest festival), a public meeting was organized at the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) to support the Rowlatt Satyagraha. General Dyer marched in and without any warning opened fire on the crowd. According to official report 379 people were killed and 1137 wounded in the incident.

The Swaraj Party (Jan, 1923): The suspension of the Non Cooperation Movement led to a split within Congress in the Gaya session of the Congress in December 1922. On 1 January 1923 leaders like Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das formed a separate group within the Congress known as the Swaraj Party to contest the council elections and wrecked the government from within.

Simon Commission (Nov, 1927): Simon Commission was appointed in the chairmanship of Sir John Simon by the British Conservative government to report on the working of the Indian constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919. All its seven members were Englishmen. As there was no Indian member in it therefore the Commission faced a lot of criticism. Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously injured in the police lathi charge in a large anti-Simon Commission demonstration on 30 October 1928 and he passed away after one month.

Poona Pact (1932): Poona pact was an agreement upon a joint electorate between the untouchables and the Hindus which The Poona pact took place at Yerawada jail in Pune on 24th September, 1932.

Cripps Mission (1942): The British Government in its continued effort to secure Indian cooperation sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India on 23 March 1942. This is known as Cripps Mission. The major political parties of the country rejected the Cripps proposals. Gandhi called Cripp's proposals as a "Post-dated Cheque".

The Cabinet Mission (1946): Three members of the British Cabinet - Pathick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A. V. Alexander - were sent to India 15 March, 1946, under a historic announcement in which the right to self-determination and the framing of a Constitution for India were conceded. This is known as the Cabinet Mission.

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Shape Up your Vocabulary from Newspaper Wordlist - 29th March 2017

Good Morning Everyone..!!

We are here with your Daily dose of Challenging Wordlist. Consider the given newspaper article as a Comprehension for your exams and do answer the questions at the end.

Today’s article, 'Powered by a pause: delay in Indo-U.S. nuclear deal’ has been picked from The Hindu.

This article talks about nuclear deal between India & United States which was announced in 2005 has been delayed as it brings an opportunity to re-examine the energy crate.

To read more, you can go through the article from the link below - 

Powered by a pause: delay in Indo-U.S. nuclear deal

Challenging Words in the Article -

• Obstacle (बाधा) - Noun
  Meaning - a thing that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress
  Synonyms - hurdle, barrier
  Antonyms - advantage, aid
  Example - The major obstacle to achieving that goal is money.
• Ratifying (पुष्टि की) - Verb
  Meaning - sign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid
  Synonyms - approve, confirm
  Antonyms - deny, disagree
  Example - The shareholders will ratify any merger that will increase their dividends.
• Bankruptcy (दिवालियापन) - Noun
  Meaning - the state of being bankrupt
  Synonyms - default, disaster
  Antonyms - accomplishment, success
  Example - The company is on the verge of bankruptcy.
• Precarious (अनिश्चित) - Adjective
  Meaning - not securely held or in position, dangerously likely to fall or collapse
  Synonyms - uncertain, insecure
  Antonyms -  certain, definite
  Example - If you think the weather is bad now, see how precarious conditions will be when the hurricane makes landfall.
• Indigenous (स्वदेशी) - Adjective
  Meaning - originating or occurring naturally in a particular place, native
  Synonyms - domestic, native
  Antonyms - alien, foreign
  Example - When you introduce a new species of birds to the indigenous species in a habitat, there is bound to be some type of conflict.
• Dimmed (मंद हो) - Verb
  Meaning - make or become less intense
  Synonyms - blur, dull
  Antonyms - clean, clear
  Example - The difficulty in sleeping couldn't dim her happiness.
• Mapped (मैप किए गए) - Verb
  Meaning - represent (an area) on a map, make a map of
  Synonyms - chart, plot
  Example - Almost immediately he mapped out a business plan to become a freelance reporter.

Word of the Day

• Campanology (कैंपानोलॉजी) - Noun
• Meaning - the art or practice of bell-ringing
  
• Synonyms - carillon playing, peal rining
  
• Example (English) - The software company’s policies stipulate employees must take two fifteen-minute breaks a day.
• Example (Hindi) - घंटी-विद्या आज भी प्रचलित अत्यंत रोचक और महीन कलाओं में से एक है।

 Now considering the article above as a Reading Comprehension question, try to answer the following - 

• Do you consider the Indo-U.S. nuclear deal as a failure? Critically comment.
• What will be the benefits to India from doing this agreement?

Given below are some words to check your vocabulary you can make sentences with those words in the comment section which will be reviewed by us.

• Delayed
• Opportunity
• Despite
• Acquisition

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Shape Up your Vocabulary from Newspaper Wordlist - 26th March 2017

Good Morning Everyone..!!

We are here with your Daily dose of Challenging Wordlist. Consider the given newspaper article as a Comprehension for your exams and do answer the questions at the end.

Today’s article, 'It’s time to bring tough privacy law in the Aadhaar mandatory era’ has been picked from The Economic Times.

This article talks about the functions and needs of an Aadhaar Card. Also, it tells about the steps taken by the government for tough privacy law in order to make Aadhaar  mandatory.

To read more, you can go through the article from the link below - 

It’s time to bring tough privacy law in the Aadhaar mandatory era

Challenging Words in the Article -

• Liberty (स्वतंत्रता) - Noun
  Meaning - a right or privilege, especially a statutory one
  Synonyms - right, oppurtunity
  Antonyms - denial, dependence
  Example - We must respect individual liberty.
• Provisions (प्रावधानों) 
  Meaning - the action of providing or supplying something for use (Noun)
  supply with food, drink, or equipment, especially for a journey (Verb)
  Synonyms - supply, equipping
  Example - The tax provision ensures lenders will not raise interest rates above a certain percentage.
• Authentication (प्रमाणीकरण) - Noun
  Meaning - the process or action of proving or showing something to be true, genuine, or valid
  Synonyms - certification, verification
  Example - It only accepts commands from users who have authenticated as ‘clients’’.
• Inviolable (पवित्र) - Adjective
  Meaning - never to be broken, infringed, or dishonoured
  Synonyms - absolute, inalienable
  Example - The school board was voting on adding rules which would be considered inviolable.
• Protocols (प्रोटोकॉल) - Noun
  Meaning - the official procedure or system of rules governing affairs of state or diplomatic occasions
  Synonyms - agreement, treaty
  Example - The new teacher violated school protocol by going directly to the principal instead of first seeking out her grade level chair.
• Prejudicial (हानिकारक) - Adjective
  Meaning - harmful to someone or something, detrimental
  Synonyms - biased, bigoted
  Antonyms - aiding, beneficial
  Example - The proposals were considered prejudicial to the city centre.
• Correlated (सहसंबद्ध) - Verb
  Meaning - have a mutual relationship or connection, in which one thing affects or depends on another
  Synonyms - correspond, interact
  Antonyms - disconnect, differ
  Example - Over the years, scientists have proven that smoking does indeed correlate with cancer.
• Enforcement (प्रवर्तन) - Noun
  Meaning - the act of compelling observance of or compliance with a law, rule, or obligation
  Synonyms - imposition, discharge
  Antonyms - abandon, disregard
  Example - That's something the law enforcement people don't want to do.

 Now considering the article above as a Reading Comprehension question, try to answer the following - 

• Elaborate the term "online privacy issues unrelated to Aadhaar"?
• What does the author mean by "Most people love to see fish swim about inside a glass aquarium"?

Given below are some words to check your vocabulary you can make sentences with those words in the comment section which will be reviewed by us.

• Inadequate
• Assured 
• Portability 
• Convenience

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Shape Up your Vocabulary from Newspaper Wordlist - 24th March 2017

Good Morning Everyone..!!

We are here with your Daily dose of Challenging Wordlist. Consider the given newspaper article as a Comprehension for your exams and do answer the questions at the end.

Today’s article, 'Superpower dreams: On how India must respond to a low HDI rank’ has been picked from The Hindu.

This article talks about India’s response to a low Human Development Index (HDI) rank which is a concern for good education and a higher health outlay.

To read more, you can go through the article from the link below - 

Superpower dreams: On how India must respond to a low HDI rank

Challenging Words in the Article -

• Trajectory (प्रक्षेपवक्र) - Noun
  Meaning - the path followed by a projectile flying or an object moving under the action of given forces
  Synonyms - curve, orbit
  Example - The missile’s trajectory shows it is headed for the continental United States.
• Inheritance (विरासत) - Noun
  Meaning - a thing that is inherited
  Synonyms - legacy, endowment
  Example - I have an inheritance, but I can’t touch the money until I turn twenty-one.
• Aviation (विमानन) - Noun
  Meaning - the flying or operating of aircraft
  Synonyms - navigation, flight
  Example - The aviation industry is in a constant state of change and the future appears uncertain.
• Bolstered (बल मिला) - Verb
  Meaning - support or strengthen
  Synonyms - reinforce, support
  Antonyms - block, decrease
  Example - Free tickets were given away to bolster attendance at the game.
• Crucial (महत्वपूर्ण) - Adjective
  Meaning - decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something
  Synonyms - critical, decisive
  Antonyms - minor, insignificant
  Example - Eating right is a crucial part of controlling diabetes.
• Metric (मीट्रिक) - Adjective
  Meaning - relating to or based on the metre as a unit of length
  Synonyms - cadent, measured
  Example - All measurements are given in metric form.
• Ratified (पुष्टि की) - Verb
  Meaning - sign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid
  Synonyms - approve, establish
  Antonyms - deny, destroy
  Example - The shareholders will ratify any merger that will increase their dividends.
• Lacuna (कमी) - Noun
  Meaning - an unfilled space, a gap
  Synonyms - gap, space
  Antonyms - closure, misfortune
  Example - The lacuna is his presentation was quite noticeable.

 Now considering the article above as a Reading Comprehension question, try to answer the following - 

• What does the Human Development Index tell us? What are the criteria for a country to be included in the HDI?
• Can the HDI indicators be adapted to compute the HDI at the country level? State with reasons.

Given below are some words to check your vocabulary you can make sentences with those words in the comment section which will be reviewed by us.

• Reforms 
• Persist
• Steady 
• Eliminate 

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