Biology Notes on Human Respiratory System

Biology Notes on Human Respiratory System for SSC Exam

Biology Notes on Human Respiratory System for SSC Exam

In this post we will discuss about the human respiratory system. This is an important topic for the upcoming SSC CGL Exam as well as for other competitive exam. Question from this topic are generally asked in competitive exam so read it carefully.

Respiratory System

• The respiratory system is an oxidation process involving the burning up of food substance such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins with the tissue to form carbon dioxide, water and release of energy.
• The primary organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.

The respiratory organs in Human are as follow-

1.Nosal Cavity

2.Pharynx

3.Larynx

4.Trachea

5.Lung

Nosal cavity

• A pair of holes is present above mouth and in human beings it is called as nostril.
• On th wall of nosal cavity and nosal holes mucous glands are found through which mucous is secreted.
• Dust particles and the microbes are trapped by nosal hairs and semi liquid material present in nose.

Pharynx:

• It is a Muscular membranous channel connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the oesophagus.
•  It helps in breathing, ingestion of food and speech.

Larynx:

• The part of the respiratory system which connects the pharynx with trachea is called Larynx
• its main function is to produce sound hence also known as voice box. It also helps in coughing, swallowing and in safety of respiratory tracks.
• At the entrance point of the larynx a thin blade like structure exists whixh is called Epiglottis, which ensure that the larynx closes during the food intake so that food cannot enter the respiratory system and this process occur normally and automatically.

Trachea:

• The larynx is connected to the trachea which is a 12 cm long having a tube like structure.
• The trachea is hanged like and inverted tree in the chest cavity of the human body. Here the both main branches of the trachea are called primary bronchiole.
• The right most bronchiole is divided into three branches and the left most bronchiole is divided into two branches.

Lungs:

• Lungs are sponge like cylindrical in structure and its colour is red.
•  There are two lungs in the thoracic cavity i.e. right lung and left lung. The right lung is lingered while the left lung is made from two lobs.
•  Each lung is surrounded by a membrane which is called pleural membrane, which is filled with some fluid.
• Right lung is slightly greater than left lung.

The process of respiration can be divided into four parts:

1. External respiration
2. Internal respiration
3. Transportation of gases
4. Cellular respiration

1.External respiration: it is a process through which organism exchanges respitory gasses from the surrounding.it can be divided into two parts

(a) Breathing

(b) Exchange of gases

(a) Breathing:

In all mammals, a pair of spongy lungs are present and air inhale and exhale at a definite rate which is called as breathing.

Inspiration:

In this phase the atmospheric air enters inside the lungs and consequently lungs are expanded because of the increase of volume of the chest cavity. Thus in this process low pressure is developed inside the lungs and that’s why atmospheric air enters.

Expiration: in this phase the absorbed atmospheric air of the lungs is pumped out and due to the contraction of the internal inter costal muscles, ribs again come back to their original position and the absorbed air of the lungs is pumped out. This pumping of the air from the lungs is called expiration.

 (b) Exchange of gases:

• The exchange of gases takes place inside the lungs due to pressure difference by the process of diffusion.
• The direction of the diffusion of the oxygen and carbon di oxide are opposite to each other. 

2.Internal respiration:

• Inside the body, gaseous exchange takes place between blood and tissue fluid which is called internal respiration.

3.Transportation of gases:

• The process in which the oxygen from lungs goes to the cells and the carbon dioxide goes from cells to lungs is called transportation of gases.
• Transportation of gases is completed by the help on blood circulatory system.

• Transportation of oxygen:oxygen is transported by a red pigment substance which is called haemoglobin. It directly reacts with oxygen and forms a unstable compound. And now this compound reaches to every cell of body and decomposes to supply oxygen.
• Transportation of carbon di oxide – transportation of co2  by the haemoglobin takes place in which co2 is reached from the cells of the body to the lungs. 

4.Cellular respiration: The process of oxidization of glucose is called cellular respiration.

Types of Respiration: Respiration is o two types i.e. anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration.

a.Anaerobic respiration:

• When process of respiration takes place in absence of oxygen then it is called as Anaerobic respiration.
• The last product of anaerobic respiration is pyruvic acid.
• During the process energy of ATP of 4 molecules are generated in which energy of ATP of two molecules is utilised in completing the process and  the rest of the energy of 2 molecules is utilised.
•  Final product of anaerobic respiration in animal tissue like skeletal muscle cell is lactic acid.
• Lactic acid causes the pain in muscles, if we do excess exercise.

 b.Aerobic respiration:When oxidation of food takes place in the presence of oxygen , it is called aerobic respiration. At the end of an aerobic respiration 36 energy of ATP is released and 55 to 60% of energy is utilised and rest of the energy is dissipated as heat.

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Current Affairs - 25th May,2017

• Anti encephalitis campaign in UP.
  • Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has launched a campaign to eradicate the deadly encephalitis disease.
  • Close to 40,000 children have died of the disease in the past four decades in the region.
  • The campaign has been launched for 38 districts in UP.
  • The drive will cover over 88 lakh children for which the central government has provided one crore vaccines.
• Devendra Fadnavis to launch Samwad Sabha
  • Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis will launch a ‘Shivar Samwad Sabha’ to reach out to farmers and address their issues.
  • MPs, MLAs, zilla parishad members and corporators, will engage in a dialogue with farmers to know about their issues and take their feedback on decisions taken by the government till now.
  • The initiative is being launched amid the rising resentment among farmers.
• Second most densely populated city.
  • Mumbai has been ranked the world’s second most densely populated city with 31,700 people per sq km by the World Economic Forum.
  • Mumbai is also the most populous city in India and and ninth most populous agglomeration in the world.
  • Bangladesh’s capital Dhaka topped the list with 44,500 people per sq km.
  • Rajasthan’s Kota has been ranked the world’s seventh most densely populated city.
• PM Modi to embark on four nations.
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi will embark on a four nation visit to Germany, Spain, Russia and France on his forthcoming six-day visit abroad to Europe starting May 29.
  • He will first visit Germany, followed by Spain, Russia and finally France from May 29-June 3.
  • He will be in Russia for a two-day visit on 1st and 2nd June for the 18th India-Russia Annual Summit in St. Petersburg.
• HCL to host Asian Junior Tennis 2017.
  • HCL will host the HCL Asian Junior Tennis Championship 2017, the most reputed tennis championship in the Asian circuit for the U/18 category in association with the Maharashtra State Lawn tennis Association.
  • The Championship, which is the only B1 category tournament in Asia will take place from May 29 to June 3 in Pune.
  • Players from 11 countries will participate in the tournament.
• Rohtang Pass opens for Vehicular traffic
  • 13,050 feet high Rohtang Pass has been opened for vehicular traffic and tourists after remaining closed for almost six months.
  • The pass connects tribal-district of Lahaul-Spiti with other parts of the state.
  • Tourists can access Rohtang Pass by obtaining a proper permit.
  • The permit system has been put in place as per directions of the NGT which took serious note of the vehicular pollution.
• RBI to reconstitute oversight committee.
  • The Reserve Bank will reconstitute the oversight committee.
  • It will be done to operationalise the banking ordinance for resolving the issue of bad loans.
  • The existing OC, which has two members, was constituted by the Indian Banks’ Association.
  • RBI has also proposed to enlarge the committee to include more members so that it can deal with the large volume of cases.
• Sindhu elected to BWF Athlete Commission
  • PV Sindhu became one of the members of the BWF Athletes’ Commission after the end of voting for the four places on the representative body.
  • Sindhu topped the ballot with 129 votes with Kirsty Gilmour of Scotland placing third overall with 103 votes.
  • Both Sindhu and Kristy will serve four-year terms along with Germany’s Marc Zwiebler who received 108 votes.
• Paytm Bank appoints 3 new board members.
  • Paytm has formed a five-member board for its payments bank.
  • PV Bhaskar, Ash Lilani and GS Sundararajan have joined the board as independent directors.
  • Paytm CEO Vijay Shekhar Sharma will act as a non-executive chairman, and Paytm Payments Bank CEO Renu Satti will also serve as a director on the bank’s board.
  • Paytm has become the 3rd entity to launch a payments bank in the country.
• Defence buys model comes into force.
  • The government’s ambitious Strategic Partnership model for promoting Indian private industry participation in defence manufacturing has come into effect.
  • The guidelines of the policy were cleared by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) of the Defence Ministry last week and put up for noting by the Cabinet.
  • It will encourage, “Make in India” regarding defence equipments.
  • JDI between India and Germany approved.
    •  The Union Cabinet has approved a Joint Declaration of Intent between Germany and India regarding cooperation in the sector of alternative medicine.
    • While India has well-developed systems of traditional medicine which hold tremendous potential in the global health scenario, Germany has considerable interest in such a system of medicine,
    • The collaboration will also generate employment.
  • SBI launches national hackathon.
    • State Bank of India has launched a national hackathon for developers, start-ups and students to come up with innovative ideas and solutions for the banking sector.
    • The hackathon is named ‘Code For Bank’.
    • The hackathon will focus on the business value driven by technologies like predictive analytics, fin-tech/blockchain, digital payments, IOT, artificial intelligence, machine learning,
  • Cabinet approves AIIMS in Kamrup, Assam.
    • The Union Cabinet has given its approval for establishment of new AIIMS at Kamrup, Assam.
    • The cost of the project will be Rs.1123 crore.
    • It will be set up under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana.
    • The AIIMS will consist of a hospital with a capacity of 750 beds, trauma centre facilities, a medical college which can accommodate 100 MBBS students per year.
  • IFFCO launches debit card for farmers.
    • IFFCO, the world’s largest fertiliser cooperative has launched its co-branded debit card for farmers.
    • IFFCO and Bank of Baroda had signed an MoU in February to create the co-branded debit cards for farmers.
    • The card will help farmers buy agri-inputs through cashless transaction mechanism
    • The co-branded debit card can be used to make 30-day interest-free agri-input purchases of up to Rs 2500
  • ItzCash raises ₹800cr.
    • Digital payment company ItzCash has raised about ₹800 crore from US-based Ebix Inc.
    • EBix will now own about 80 per cent stakes in ItzCash.
    • Earlier investors Matrix Partners, Lightspeed Venture Partners and Intel Capital, have taken exit.
    • Currently ItzCash focuses on payments, remittances and corporate solutions.
    • With this fund raise the company is now valued at ₹1,000 crore.
  • Nepal PM Pushpa Kamal Dahal resigns.
    • He was elected as the 39th prime minister of Nepal after forging alliance with the Nepali Congress.
    • He had reached an understanding with Nepali Congress president Sher Bahadur Deuba that he would step down as Prime Minister and hand over the leadership to him after nine months.
    • Nepali Congress chief Sher Bahadur Deuba will replace him.
  • World’s first philosophical novel on God
    • Kiren Rijiju, Union Minister of State for Home Affairs has unveiled a philosophical novel on God titled “Confessions of a dying mind: The blind faith of atheism.
    • A young Indian IAS officer, Haulianlal Guite, has penned it.
    • The book billed as “the world’s first philosophical novel for God”.
    • The book is published by Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Roger Moore passes away.
    • British actor Roger Moore passes away at 89.
    • He was best known for his role as James Bond in films such as “Live and Let Die” and “The Spy Who Loved Me.
    • Sir Roger was appointed as UNICEF  Goodwill Ambassador in 1991.
    • He passed away in Switzerland after a brief battle with cancer.
  • Cabinet approves abolition of FIPB.
    • The Union Cabinet has scrapped the 25-year-old Foreign Investment Promotion Board.
    • FIPB is an inter-ministerial body under the finance ministry’s Department of Economic Affairs that processes FDI proposals and makes recommendations for government approval.
    • FIPB was initially constituted under the Prime Minister’s Office in the wake of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s.
  • Man United clinch Europa Leagu title.
    • Manchester United defeated Ajax 2-0 to win their maiden Europa League title and claim their second major trophy of the season.
    • Manchester United is now the fifth team to have now won all three of Europe’s major competitions.
    • United finished sixth in the Premier League while Chelsea won the league.
    • Manager of Manchester United – José Mourinho

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Current Affairs May 1st , 2017

1). International Labour Day is observed on Which Date?

a)   April 29

b)   April 30

c)   May 1

d)   May 2

e)   May 3

Answer: c) 
Explanation: May 1 International Labour Day, also known as International Worker's Day or May Day. It is observed on this day every year to promote and encourage the international labour associations. The day marks the victory of workers' movement for eight hours of work. It also aims to pay tribute to workers sacrifices in achieving economic and social rights all over the world.

2). Which State Government has decided to set up 15 integrated solid waste management clusters to deal with solid waste in urban areas?

a)   Haryana

b)   Punjab

c)   Maharashtra

d)   Madhya Pradesh

e)   Rajasthan

Answer: a) 
Explanation: Haryana Government has decided to set up 15 integrated solid waste management clusters to deal with solid waste in urban areas. Out of these, electricity would be generated from solid waste in three clusters and manure from the remaining 12 clusters. Giving this information at Chandigarh an official spokesman said that a solid waste management plant is being set up at Faridabad at a cost of Rs 330 crore.

3). Which of the following State government organized the country's first transgender one-day athletic meet at it’s Capital?

a)   Karnataka

b)   Manipur

c)   Gujarat

d)   Kerala

e)   Goa

Answer: d) 
Explanation: Kerala has organized the country's first transgender one-day athletic meet at Thiruvananthapuram in which 132 participants from 12 districts participated. Kerala Sports Minister A. C. Moideen has inaugurated the event at the Central Stadium. Member of Parliament A Sampath and Member Legislative Assembly V S Sivakumar were also present during the inaugural function.

4). Which of the following State government gets its first Shatabdi Express, flagged off by Minister of State for Railways Rajen Gohain?

a)   Rajasthan

b)   Goa

c)   Karnataka

d)   Kerala

e)   Assam

Answer: e) 
Explanation: Minister of State for Railways Rajen Gohain flagged off Assam's first Shatabdi Express from Dibrugarh. "There was a long-standing demand for better rail connectivity with Guwahati from Dibrugarh and the Dibrugarh-Guwahati Shatabdi Express would fulfill that demand of the people," said the Minister. Gohain further urged the people to take care of railway property.

5). Which of the following State Government introduce e-challans for payment of road taxes?

a)   Odissa

b)   Karnataka

c)   Kerala

d)   Uttar Pradesh

e)   Andhra Pradesh

Answer: d) 
Explanation: In order to keep a check on touts at Regional Transport Offices (RTO), the Yogi Adityanath government is planning to introduce the system of e-challans for payment of road taxes. "We have set a deadline of 100 days and we are confident of attaining the objective within time," said Uttar Pradesh Transport Minister Swatantra Dev Singh.

6). Which State government became the first state to install first-of-its-kind automated weather stations for farmers in the region?

a)   Karnataka

b)   Manipur

c)   Maharashtra

d)   Megalaya

e)   Assam

Answer: c) 

Explanation: Maharashtra became the first state to install first-of-its-kind automated weather stations for farmers in the region. The state government aims to install a total of 2,065 such units at the village/mandal level across Maharashtra. The machines are designed to accurately predict rainfall patterns, levels of humidity and also to guide the farmers on the best crop to cultivate. 

7). Which of the following becomes India's first public hospital to start plaque brachytherapy facility for the treatment of eye tumors?

a)   NEER

b)   APOLLO

c)   TERAJ

d)   AIIMS

e)   RJ.P.R

Answer: d) 

Explanation: The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) is India's first public hospital to start plaque brachytherapy facility for the treatment of eye tumors. ii. The facility is a form of local radiation delivered to the eye through a radioactive device which is attached to the eye for a temporary period of time. The move will benefit children suffering from retinoblastoma, which is a form of eye cancer, and adults suffering from ocular melanoma. 

8). Looking forward to make boarding pass and security check-ins digital at airports using Aadhaar and mobile phones, The Ministry of Civil Aviation Introduced.

a)   Digi Yatra

b)   Digi Ratha

c)   DIgiyan

d)   Dig Dhan Yatra

e)   DIgi Ratha mela

Answer: a) 
Explanation: The Ministry of Civil Aviation under the proposed “Digi Yatra” initiative is looking forward to make boarding pass and security check-ins digital at airports using Aadhaar and mobile phones. Under this initiative, a digital mode for airport entry and verification of passengers would be used. The move is aimed to ease the security and boarding procedure. In a sum, the initiative aims to make the whole air travel experience completely digital.

9). Who has unveiled translated volumes of Vachana in 23 Indian languages on the occasion of Basava Jayanti?

a)   President of India

b)   Chief Justice of India

c)   Delhi Governor

d)   Chief Minister of Haryana

e)   Prime Minister of India

Answer: e) 

Explanation: Prime Minister Narendra Modi has unveiled translated volumes of Vachana in 23 Indian languages on the occasion of Basava Jayanti. The 23 Vachana volumes were edited by late M M Kalburgi and have been translated into other languages by more than 200 people. Prime Minister also released the digital version of the work. This is the first ever celebration of Basava Jayanti at the national level in New Delhi. 

10). RBI asks ARCs to have a minimum net corpus of Rs100 crore by 2019. ARC Full form is.

a)   Asset reconstruction companies

b)   Acredit value Restructuring Company

c)   Associated Rivalry of Compulsion

d)   Analysed Restormation of Currency

e)   Analytical Reconstructed Coins

Answer: a) 
Explanation: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has asked all the existing asset reconstruction companies (ARCs) to have a minimum net owned fund (NOF) of Rs100 crore by March 2019. This decision has been taken by RBI in accordance with its last bi-monthly monetary policy in which it had proposed to stipulate a minimum NOF of Rs100 crore taking into consideration the enhanced role and greater cash based transactions carried out by ARCs.

11). Who was honoured at the 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards with the ceremony's first-ever Icon award?

a)   Queen Latifah

b)   Missy Elliott

c)   MC Lyte

d)   Britney Spears

e)   Angel Haze

Answer: d) 
Explanation: Pop star Britney Spears was honoured at the 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards with the ceremony's first-ever Icon award. BC News Agency said, Britney's younger sister, Jamie Lynn Spears presented the inaugural award to 35-year-old pop diva Los Angeles.

 

12). Who becomes 1st Indian to win Asian Squash title?

a)   James Willstrop

b)   Nicol David

c)   Joshna Chinappa

d)   Camille Serme

e)   Laura Massaro

Answer: c) 
Explanation: Indian squash player Joshna Chinappa defeated compatriot Dipika Pallikal in the women's singles final to become the first Indian to clinch the Asian Squash Championship title. Chinappa defeated Pallikal 13-15, 12-10, 11-13, 11-4, 11-4 in the 78-minute long final. In the men's final, Saurav Ghosal finished as the runner-up after losing to number one seed, Max Lee.

 

13). Who becomes 1st Indian to take pole in FIA F3 European Championship?

a)   Guanyu Zhou

b)   Jake Dennis

c)   Ralf Aron

d)   Jehan Daruvala

e)   David Beckmann

Answer: d) 
Explanation: Jehan Daruvala, in his rookie season at the FIA Formula 3 European Championship, is already making waves. The 18-year-old product of Force India Academy, became the first Indian to take pole in the F3 European series, securing the top spot on the starting grid for Race 1 of the second round of the championship in Monza, Italy. However, he was unable to translate that into a race victory, and finished the hard-fought race in second place, behind his Carlin Racing teammate Lando Norris of the UK.

14). Who is the Winner of the Russian Grand Prix 2017?

a)   Lewis Hamilton

b)   Valtteri Bottas

c)   Sebastian Vettel

d)   Kimi Raikkonen

e)   Nico ROSBERG

Answer: b) 
Explanation: Mercedes' Finnish Formula One driver Valtteri Bottas claimed his first ever Grand Prix victory after winning the Russian Grand Prix. Bottas edged Ferrari's Sebastian Vettel by 0.6 seconds with Ferrari's Kimi Raikkonen finishing third and Mercedes' Lewis Hamilton ending in the fourth place.

15). Who wins Tallahassee Challenger title of men's doubles?

a)   Paes-Lipsky

b)   Rafael Nadal- Novak Djokovic

c)   Andy Murray - Roger Federer

d)   Andre Agassi - Pete Sampras

e)   John McEnroe - Stan Wawrinka

Answer: a) 
Explanation: In Tennis, Leander Paes won the Tallahassee Challenger title of the men's doubles but Ramkumar Ramanathan had to be content with a runner-up finish in the singles' event in Florida. The top-seeded Indo-American pair Paes and Scott Lipsky came from behind to pip Argentine third seeds Leonardo Mayer and Maximo Gonzalez 4-6, 7-6, 10-7 in the summit clash. This is Paes' 2nd Challenger level title of the season.

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